Medical Pathologies and Treatments (MED)

Pathophysiology and differential diagnosis are the cornerstones of medical practice. Medical communication is also a critical component of joining the medical profession. This big idea encompasses all of those items along with pharmacology, appearance and performance-enhancing drugs, and nutrition.

MED-1: Medical Pathogenesis

  • Pathogenesis of Bacteria

    • 1.1 Types of bacteria: rods, spheres, and spirals

    • 1.2 Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and associated diseases

  • Pathogenesis of Viruses

    • 2.1 Major virus classes

    • 2.2 Common viral transmission vectors

  • Pathogenesis of Fungi

    • 3.1 Fungal structure: mycelium, fruiting bodies, spores

    • 3.2 Conditions conducive to fungal transmission

  • Pathogenesis of Parasites

    • 4.1 Intestinal worms and their life cycles

    • 4.2 Lice types and life cycles

    • 4.3 Demodex and its life cycle

    • 4.4 Ameobiasis, including Naegleria fowleri

  • Pathogenesis of Biochemical Conditions

    • 5.1 Respiratory vs metabolic acidosis and alkalosis

    • 5.2 Diabetes types I & II and diabetes insipidus

    • 5.3 Hyperlipidemia

    • Pathogenesis of developmental errors

    • Pathogenesis of cancer and autoimmune disorders

    • Pathology of issues like ectopic pregnancy

    • 9.1 Fluid, contact, droplet, and airborne transmission

    • 9.2 PPE requirements for each transmission type

MED-2: Medical Treatments

    • 2.1 The 20 amino acids and essential ones

    • 2.2 Calculating protein needs and adjusting for activity

    • 2.3 Adjustments for athletic activity

  • 2.1 Describe how to utilize pharmacological mathematics to calculate patient.

    2.2 Describe the major drug classes and how they are utilized.

    2.3 Describe the 200 most commonly prescribed medications over the last year.

    a. Explain the three different names for each drug.

    b. Explain the indications and contra-indications for each drug.

    c. Explain the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug including bioavailability and half-life.

    d. Explain the route of administration for each drug.

    e. Explain the effects and side effects for each drug, including precautions and interactions.

    f. Explain the pregnancy class for each drug.

  • a.                Adenocard

    b.               Albumin

    c.                Albuterol Sulfate

    d.               Alteplase

    e.                Amiodarone

    f.                Aspirin

    g.               Atenolol

    h.               Atropine Sulfate

    i.                 Baclofen

    j.                 Bactine

    k.               “Banana Bag” or “Rally Bag”

    l.                 Calcium Chloride

    m.             Carisoprodol

    n.               Chlorhexidine

    o.               Cyanokit

    p.               Dextrose 5%

    q.               Dextrose 50%

    r.                Diazepam

    s.                Diltiazem

    t.                 Diphenhydramine

    u.               Dopamine

    v.               Doxycycline

    w.              Droperidol

    x.               Epinephrine

    y.               Epi-Pen

    z.                Etomidate

    aa.             Fentanyl Citrate

    bb.            Flumazenil

    cc.             Furosemide

    dd.            Gabapentin

    ee.             Glucagon

    ff.              Haloperidol

    gg.            Heparin

    hh.            Hespan

    ii.               Hydromorphone

    jj.               Ibuprofen

    kk.            Insulin Infusion

    ll.               Ipratropium Bromide

    mm.        IV Solutions – NS / RL

    nn.            Ketamine

    oo.            Ketorolac

    pp.            Labetalol

    qq.            Levofloxacin

    rr.              Lidocaine Drip

    ss.             Lidocaine with Epi

    tt.               Lignocaine

    uu.            Lisinopril

    vv.            Lorazepam

    ww.         Magnesium Sulfate

    xx.            Mannitol

    yy.            Mark I Nerve Agent Antidote Kit

    zz.             Metered Dose Inhalers

    aaa.          Methylprednisolone

    bbb.         Metoprolol

    ccc.          Midazolam

    ddd.         Morphine Sulfate

    eee.          Moxifloxacin

    fff.            Naloxone Hydrochloride

    ggg.         Nebulized Saline

    hhh.         Nitroglycerin Tab/Spray

    iii.             Nitroglycerin Infusion

    jjj.             Ondansetron

    kkk.         Oral Glucose

    lll.             Oxygen

    mmm.   Paracetamol

    nnn.         Penicillin

    ooo.         Pitocin

    ppp.         Potassium Chloride

    qqq.         Promethazine

    rrr.            Propofol

    sss.           Racemic Epinephrine

    ttt.             Rocuronium Bromide

    uuu.         Sodium Bicarbonate

    vvv.         Succinylcholine Chloride

    www.    Sulfamethoxazole

    xxx.         Terbutaline

    yyy.         Thiamine

    zzz.          Thiopental

    aaaa.       Vecuronium Bromide

    • 2.1 Describe the common series of vaccines.

    a.      Hepatitis B

    b.     Rotavirus

    c.      DTaP

    d.     Haemophilus Infuenzae type B

    e.      Pneumococcal Conjugate PCV13

    f.      IPV

    g.     Influenza LAIV4

    h.     MMRV

    i.       Meningococcal

    j.       Meningococcal B

    k.     Pneumococcal Polysaccharide PPSV23

    l.       HPV

    • 2.2 Describe the auxiliary vaccines that are not commonly part of the childhood sequence.

    a.      Hepatitis A

    b.     Malaria

    c.      Rabies

    d.     Typhoid

    e.      Yellow Fever

    f.      Japanese Encephalitis

    g.     Adenovirus

    h.     Anthrax

    i.       Tuberculosis

    j.       Cholera

    k.     Shingles

    l.       Smallpox

    • 2.3 Describe the annual series of vaccines and why they must be taken each year.

    • Pathogenesis of genetic treatments

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MED-3: Symptomology of Major Medical Issues

    • 1.1 Common bacteriological conditions

    • 1.2 Biofilm formation

    • 1.3 Body’s response to bacteria

    • 2.1 Common viral conditions (e.g., Mononucleosis, Herpes Simplex)

    • 2.2 RNA vs DNA viruses

    • 2.3 Body’s response to viruses

    • 3.1 Common fungal conditions

    • 3.2 Body’s response to fungi

    • 3.3 Symbiotic fungi’s role in human health

    • 4.1 Common parasitic conditions

    • 4.2 Body’s response to parasites and anaphylactic shock

    • 5.1 Symptoms of acidosis/alkalosis

    • 5.2 Symptoms of diabetes types I & II and diabetes insipidus

    • 5.3 Effects of hyperlipidemia and hypertension

    • Symptoms of inborn errors

    • 7.1 Paraneoplastic syndrome

    • 7.2 Common autoimmune conditions

    • 8.1 Common adolescent psychological issues (depression, anxiety, eating disorders, etc.)

    a)     Depression

    b)     Generalized Anxiety and Social Anxiety

    c)     Obsessive compulsive disorder

    d)     Substance abuse

    e)     Eating disorders and body image dysphoria with emphasis on Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia

    f)      Bipolar disorders

    g)     Borderline personality disorder

    h)     Schizophrenia

    i)      Oppositional defiant disorder

    j)      Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder

    k)     Gender Dysphoria

    l)      Psychopathy

    m)   Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

    • 8.2 Management strategies for psychological crises

    • 8.3 Self-harm, intimate partner abuse, and elder abuse

    • 9.1 Classic cardiac symptoms and conditions

    • 9.2 Cardiac symptoms altered by the "five F’s"

    • 9.3 Cardiac conditions on ECG and echocardiograms

    • 9.4 Uses of electricity in cardiac care

    • 10.1 Recessive vs dominant genetic conditions

    • 10.2 Pedigree, symptoms, and prognosis of common genetic conditions

    a.      Marfan’s Syndrome

    b.     Muscular Dystrophy

    c.      Neurofibromatosis

    d.     Down’s Syndrome

    e.      Turner’s Syndrome

    f.      Jacob’s Syndrome

    g.     Klinefelter’s Syndrome

    h.     Huntington’s Chorea

    i.       Cystic Fibrosis

    j.       Tay-Sachs Disease

    k.     Sickle Cell Anemia

    l.       Thalassemia

    m.   Triple X (4X) Syndromes

    n.     Wilson’s disease

    o.     Fragile X syndrome

    p.     Trisomy 18

    q.     Trisomy 13

    r.      Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

    s.      Haemochromatosis

    t.       Hemophilia

    u.     Von-Willebrand disease

    v.     Prader-Willi syndrome

    w.    Noonan syndrome

    x.     Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

    • Pathology and treatment of speech and language disorders

MED-4: Develop and Defend Differential Diagnosis of Unknown Conditions

    • 4.1: Describe the acronym SAMPLE and its utility.

    S - Signs and symptoms

    A - Allergies

    M - Medications

    P - Past Pertinent History

    L - Last ins and outs

    E - Events

    • 4.2: Describe the acronym OPQRST and its utility.

    O - Onset

    P - Provocation and Palliation

    Q - Quality

    R - Region and Radiation

    S - Severity

    T - Time

    • 4.3: Describe the use of laboratory analysis in diagnostics, including a sampling of abnormal values and their symptomology.

    • 4.1: Explain presumed life threats and how to eliminate them from contention.

    • 4.1: Utilize medical literature in looking for a fit to a given symptom constellation of unknown pathogenesis.

    • 4.2: Create a personal knowledge bank of at least 100 common conditions and their symptom constellations.

    • 4.3: Explain how to develop a symptom constellation and compare it to known conditions to create a differential diagnosis.

    • 4.1: Describe the utility of physical treatments in the reassessment of a patient, including providing support or rejection of a differential diagnosis.

    • 4.2: Explain how medications may be utilized as a diagnostic tool.

    • 4.3: Explain how to schedule and complete a reassessment to further develop the differential diagnosis.

    • 4.1: When given a symptom constellation, responses to intervention, and history, be able to defend the differential diagnosis.

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MED-5: Prevent and Identify the Use of Appearance and Performance Enhancing Drugs (APEDs)

    • 5.1: Describe how to prevent APED use.

  • 5.2: Describe how to detect APED use.

    • 5.1: Describe amphetamines, their route of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effects, side effects, and doses.

    • 5.2: Describe caffeine, its route of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effects, side effects, and doses.

    • 5.3: Describe cocaine, its route of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effects, side effects, and doses.

    • 5.4: Describe dimethylamylamine (DMAA), its route of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effects, side effects, and doses.

    • 5.5: Describe ephedrine/pseudoephedrine, their routes of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effects, side effects, and doses.

    • 5.6: Describe methylphenidate/Adderal, their routes of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effects, side effects, and doses.

    • 5.7: Describe Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate (HMB), its route of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effects, side effects, and doses.

    • 5.8: Explain the legality of various stimulants and how athletes access them.

    • 5.1: Describe cannabinoids, their routes of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effects, side effects, and doses.

    • 5.2: Describe vaped oil, flower, and edibles, and the differences in doses and time of onset.

    • 5.1: Describe opioids, their routes of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effects, side effects, and doses.

    • 5.2: Describe fentanyl, morphine, and heroin, along with their differences in doses and time of onset.

    • 5.3: Contextualize opioid APEDs within the larger opioid epidemic and understand the many routes to dependence.

    • 5.1: Describe Anabolic Androgenic Steroids, their routes of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effects, side effects, and doses.

    • 5.2: Describe Human Growth Hormones, their routes of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effects, side effects, and doses.

    • 5.3: Identify OTC supplements, allowed by DSHEA, that have hormonal effects.

    • 5.1: Describe creatine, its route of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effects, side effects, and doses.

    • 5.2: Describe vitamins, their routes of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effects, side effects, and doses.

      • 5.2.a: Explain the difference between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins and the implication for doses.

      • 5.2.b: Explain at what level each vitamin transitions to overdose and what the overdose effects are.

    • 5.1: Explain how eating disorders and other conditions connect to APED use.

MED-6: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

    • 6.a: Describe and execute the algorithm for adult CPR and defibrillation.

    • 6.b: Describe and execute the algorithm for pediatric CPR and defibrillation.

    • 6.c: Describe and execute the algorithm for infant/neonatal CPR and defibrillation.

    • 6.d: Describe and execute the algorithm for clearing an obstructed airway.

    • 6.e: Describe and execute the algorithm for the administration of Narcan.

    • 6.f: Describe and execute the algorithm for the administration of an EpiPen.

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MED-7: Medical Terminology and Proper Reporting

    • 7.a: Explain common medical terminology, including root words, suffixes, and prefixes.

    • 7.b: Explain the SOAP format for medical reporting, including safe medical abbreviations.

    • 7.c: Describe how patients can challenge information in their chart.

    • 7.d: Describe the use of different charting pages within the WSCA medical system.

MED-8: Nutritional Needs of the Human Body

    • 8.1: Describe carbohydrates and their function in human metabolism.

    • 8.2: Describe proteins and their function in human metabolism.

    • 8.3: Describe lipids and their function in human metabolism.

    • 8.4: Describe water and how much the human body needs to function.

    • 8.1: Calculate caloric intake using a food diary.

    • 8.2: Calculate caloric output using a food/activity diary.

    • 8.3: Explain energy balance calculations for maintaining performance and health.

    • 8.1: Describe the symptomology and warning signs of anorexia nervosa.

    • 8.2: Describe the symptomology and warning signs of bulimia nervosa.

    • 8.1: Describe sodium and potassium balance.

    • 8.2: List other micronutrients including calcium, iron, folic acid, sodium, and chlorine.

    • 8.3: List the various vitamins and determine recommended daily intake.

    • 8.1: Describe the dangers of Atkins and Keto diet plans.

    • 8.2: Describe the dangers of Paleo diets.

    • 8.3: Describe the dangers of liquid diets.

    • MED-8.4: Describe the dangers of gluten-free and organic diets.

    • 8.1: Explain how training, pregnancy, and other specialized circumstances change dietary needs.

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